There were multiple early Christian kingdoms in Africa, the most of notable of which emerged in Ethiopia (then Aksum). The Muslim takeover of Southern Spain ( Al-Andalus) forced a significant Catholic community from there into North Africa, specifically Morocco these individuals constituted the Mozarabic tradition. The vast majority of these Patristic-era figures resided in North Africa, where various Christian communities thrived until the Muslim conquests of the region. There have also been three African popes: Victor I, Melchaides (also a martyr), and Gelasius I. Saints Perpetua and Felicity and Saint Maurice (as well as his military regiment), early martyrs, were also African. Several of the early Church Fathers were also native to Africa, including Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Tertullian, Athanasius, Cyril of Alexandria, Cyprian, and Augustine. Biblical and Patristic era (1stвЂ“5th century) Д¬atholic Christianity among African-descended people has its roots in the earliest converts to Christianity, including Mark the Evangelist, the unnamed Ethiopian eunuch, Simon of Cyrene, and Simeon Niger. Pope Victor I, the first of three African popes. As ' black' became the most common descriptor for African-Americans (replacing 'negro'), so 'Black Catholic' became the most common moniker for their Catholic adherents.Дevelopments in the expression of Catholicism among Black Catholics (especially within their own Catholic institutions) eventually led to a more independent identity within the Church, such that terms like 'Black Catholicism' and 'the Black Catholic Church' became more and more commonplace. This became solidified during the black pride movement of the late 60s and 70s, when blackness as an expressive cultural element became more and more popular in the public discourse. While the term 'black' is often used in reference to any ( Sub-Saharan and/or dark-skinned) African-descended person, the term in apposition to 'Catholicism' is usually used to refer to African-Americans. 7.1 Religious orders with predominantly black membership and/or significant black ministry.3.2 African interplay and the Josephites.2.6.5.1 Revived Congress movement and liturgical explorations.2.6.5 George Stallings, notable black bishops, and the Black Catholic rite (1980s вЂ“ early 1990s).2.6.4 New organizations, major thinkers and USCCB letter (late 1970s).2.6 Black Catholic Movement (late 1960sвЂ“1990s).

2.3 Post-Emancipation era (late 19th century).2.2.3.2 First religious orders and parishes.2.2.1 The Kingdom of Kongo (14thвЂ“17th century).2.1.1 Biblical and Patristic era (1stвЂ“5th century).Entire disciplines of Black Catholic studies emerged, Gospel Mass became a staple of Black Catholic parishes, Black Christian spirituality (formerly seen as Protestant) was also claimed by Black Catholics, and the Black Catholic Church emerged as a significant player in the public and ecclesial life of the larger American Church. ДЄs this newfound Black Consciousness swept up many black clergy, consecrated religious, and laypeople in its wake, Black Catholicism came of age. Some have termed this period the 'Black Catholic Revolution' or the 'Black Catholic Revolt'. During the 1950s, however, innovators such as Fr Clarence Rivers began to integrate Evangelical Protestant-originated Negro Spirituals into settings of the Mass this trend eventually blossomed into the so-called Black Catholic Movement during the larger Black Power zeitgeist of the late 60s and 70s. Prior to Vatican II, Black Catholics attended Mass in Latin as did the rest of the Western Church, not displaying much difference in terms of liturgy or spiritual patrimony. Others were established in black communities and merely reflected the surrounding population, while the most recent crop came about due to population displacement ( White Flight) during and after the Great Migration. About a quarter of Black Catholics worship in historically black parishes, most of which were established during the Jim Crow era as a means of racial segregation. There are currently around 3 million Black Catholics in the United States, with roughly 1.7 million being descended from slavery in North America. Black Catholicism or African-American Catholicism comprises the African American people, beliefs, and practices in the Catholic Church.

The black masses guide